Alcohol and the development of adolescent brain

Binge drinking, defined as more than five drinks on one occasion, has become a common and more extreme pattern of drinking among young Australians.
Recognising that adolescence is a critical period for brain development, we are conducting research into how excessive drinking affects the teenage brain. This research will be crucial to informing our alcohol licensing laws and public health advice.

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About our research 

In adolescence, the brain undergoes active rewiring of circuitry that is necessary for successful development of ‘adult’ adaptive patterns of behaviour and cognitive functioning, with particular focus on the frontal lobe and its connections. Prof Lindy Rae is examining this connectivity in the brains of binge drinkers and comparing these ‘tracts’ to those from control (abstaining) participants. We are also studying the size of brain regions known to be affected by alcohol, such as the hippocampus, to see whether brain structure is altered by binge drinking.
We are using questionnaires, cognitive testing and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to look for changes in structure and connectivity as well as chemical differences in the brain.
Alcohol is thought to induce a state where the glutamate system – the major excitatory system in the brain – becomes unbalanced. We have found significant elevations in frontal lobe glutamate in boys who binge drink. Binge drinkers showed impaired neuro-cognitive function, with significantly slower responses and greater errors on the tests of inhibition and poorer emotional face recognition compared to non drinkers. These changes were positively correlated with binge drinking episodes and alcohol consumption.

Skipping breakfast makes you FAT and STRESSED

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The Brekky Dash

·       45% of women working full-time skip breakfast

·       Half of women are turning to snacks to maintain energy levels throughout the day

·       One in three Queensland rely on a quick sugar fix

·       Half of all Queensland women report low energy levels on days they skip breakfast, while one in three suffers from nausea

The research found 16% of women from low-income households ate breakfast at work, whereas that number almost doubled to 30% for those from high-income households.   Work pressures were cited as a key reason for women skipping breakfast, with only 55% of full-time workers managing to squeeze in their morning meal each day.  Almost half of all women report low energy levels on days they skip breakfast, while a quarter suffer from nausea.

Mudjimba chiropractor Paul Lanthois said improving health and lifestyle was the key to create more time for yourself and improve business productivity.

“As a health professional, it astounds me why intelligent, educated people choose to skip doing the basic lifestyle things to improve or maintain their heat… all in the hallucination that it will save them time and that they are too busy,” Dr Lanthois said.

“This constant state of anxiety about how busy we are actually has shown to lower productivity by 13%.  Skipping breakfast also has massive health ramifications, setting tour body up for a range of health ailments and conditions like obesity, diabetes, heart disease and cancers.”

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Sunshine Coast Sunday paper 25 August 2013-08-25

We already know this but it's a lifesaver--read it again

Adding sugar to the diet equals not-so-sweet results in mouse study

Tuesday, August 20, 2013.

Sugar.

It's in everything from catsup to cornflakes. Americans have been stirring it into their coffee or gulping it down in oversized sodas for decades. We know it can cause cavities and lead to weight gain, but it can't be that bad . . . or can it?

In an article published on August 13, 2013 in the journal Nature Communications, researchers from the University of Utah reveal that a diet providing 25% of its calories from added sugar-- an amount equivalent in humans to three cans of soda per day--doubled the rate of death of female mice and impaired territoriality and reproduction in males.

University of Utah biology professor Wayne K. Potts and his associates fed mice a nutritious control diet or the same diet with 25% of its calories in the form of a mixture of half glucose and half fructose (which is similar to the composition of table sugar) for 26 weeks. Animals caged separately according to gender were given the diets prior to being housed together for 32 weeks in large pens that allowed them to more easily establish territories and compete for mates. Since mice often live in human habitations they "happen to be an excellent mammal to model human dietary issues because they've been living on the same diet as we have ever since the agricultural revolution 10,000 years ago," Dr Potts noted.

The researchers observed that females given the higher sugar diet died at a rate that was twice that of the control animals and had a lower reproductive rate by the end of the study. Male mice on the sugary diet controlled 26% less territories and produced 25% fewer offspring. The adverse effects observed in the animals given the sugar-enhanced diet were of the magnitude as that which occurs among the offspring of inbreeding.

The National Research Council recommends that no more than 25 percent of calories in the human diet should be from added sugar. "They don't count what's naturally in an apple, banana, potato or other nonprocessed food," Dr Potts explained. "The dose we selected is consumed by 13 percent to 25 percent of Americans."

"These findings represent the lowest level of sugar consumption shown to adversely affect mammalian health," the authors write. "Clinical defects of fructose/glucose-fed mice were decreased glucose clearance and increased fasting cholesterol."

"This demonstrates the adverse effects of added sugars at human-relevant levels," Dr Potts stated. "I have reduced refined sugar intake and encouraged my family to do the same."

Hypnosis Works! ...and it could be free!

Michael Grassel is now a certified Service Provider for most Private Health Funds in Australia. 
This is a fantastic development for clients, as they only end up paying their gap, if anything. Some programs will be able to be completed with no costs to the client!   Tell your friends and neighbours that it's easy to quit smoking, lose weight, ban anxiety, quit biting fingernails, and get over that nervous tic!

Love On The Brain

 

·       Love on the brain

·       Butterflies in the stomach...The pain of a broken heart...They are staples of romantic fiction. But what does science have to say?

Falling in love is not as simple as it seems, but it is very quick.

Those intense over-powering feelings of being truly, madly, deeply in love are the result of complex and rapid brain activity.

Being in love – or more precisely being in an emotional state of intense longing for union with another, involving chemical, cognitive, and goal-directed behavioural components – is a pretty complicated affair.

According to new research, it's not a basic emotion, as some thought, but a highly complex and businesslike process involving 12 areas of the brain working together to produce and sustain that magic moment. And researchers have discovered that the first brain activity specific to love starts within one fifth of a second of being smitten.

According to a new study, The Neuroimaging of Love, brain regions with decidedly unromantic names, like the dorsolateral middle frontal gyrus and the anterior cingulate, as well chemicals like nerve growth factor, dopamine and oxytocin, are all involved in orchestrating these feelings of love. Some of these areas are those that are also active when people are under the influence of euphoria-inducing drugs – suggesting that falling in love may have a similar effect on the brain as using cocaine.

"Although many emotion theories have included love as a basic emotion, love is more than that," says Dr Stephanie Ortigue who led the study. "Love includes basic emotions and also complex emotions, goal-directed motivations, body image, appraisal and cognition." Passionate love, long the exclusive domain of poets, writers and artists, is increasingly being studied by scientists.

At the heart of the research is functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, a relatively new tool that is used to spot brain activity. The harder an area of the brain works, the greater the amount of oxygen it consumes. The fMRI scan detects the increase in blood flow needed to supply that oxygen. It has been used in a number of areas, from the study of brain disorders to lie detection. By identifying areas of the brain involved in, for example, pain or anxiety it can also help in the development of new therapies that target those areas.

One of the new growth areas is its use in pinpointing areas of the brain involved in particular mental processes, especially emotions and behaviour, including sex drive, and love.

Mapping the course of true love through the brain is not simply an academic exercise. Understanding the brain networks that are activated during love may help clinicians to better understand relationship problems and sexual behaviours. It may, provide doctors, psychologists, and therapists with new treatments for couples suffering from love addiction, love deprivation, or rejection in love.

"The better our understanding of love, the greater our respect for the significance and potency of its role in mental and physical health," says Dr Ortigue.

In fMRI love research, scans are taken of the brains of men and women volunteers after they have been shown visual stimuli related to their partner or loved one. The results are then analysed to see where the action is within the brain. Six fMRI studies have now been carried out on love, involving scans taken of 120 people, and Dr Ortigue and colleagues at Syracuse and Western Virginia universities, and the University Hospital of Geneva, have analysed the results to piece together a love map of the brain.

In one of the experiments, 17 men and women described as being truly, deeply, and madly in love with their partner had their brains scanned while looking at a picture of the partner for 17 seconds. The scans showed that there was increased activity in the caudate nucleus and putamen areas of the brain, which are associated with the brain chemical dopamine and with sensations of euphoria and reward. There was also activity in other dopamine areas, the same regions that are active in people using cocaine.

Increased activity was also seen in the post-erior hippocampus, an area involved in memory and mental associations. There was activity too in areas processing emotions and rewards, but there was a drop in activity in areas associated with anxiety and fear.

Overall, Dr Ortigue's analysis shows that passionate love involves brain areas involved in emotion, motivation, reward, social cognition, attention, and self-representation or body image.

Activity in these areas leads to changes in the levels of a number of chemicals in the besotted brain, including increases in dopamine, oxytocin, adrenaline, vasopressin, and a decrease of serotonin, which results in the classic love symptoms, like obsessively thinking about the beloved, craving for a union with him or her, euphoria, and greater energy.

Dopamine is associated with feelings of euphoria, motivation, motor activity, desire, craving and addiction, while adrenaline heightens an indivual's attention, and boosts short-term memory, hyperactivity, and goal-oriented behaviour. It is also adrenaline which gets the heart racing.

The importance of dopamine has been shown in a number of animal studies. When a female prairie vole was paired with a male, dopamine levels went up 50 per cent. Levels of oxytocin, (the so-called "cuddle hormone", released in response to stimuli including skin-to-skin contact) likewise go up, as do levels of vasopressin, both promoting relationship bonding. When the female vole was injected with a drug that blocks the activity of dopamine, she lost interest in him.

Nerve growth factor of NGF is involved too. Researchers at the University of Pavia in Italy measured blood levels of NGF in 58 men and women who had recently fallen in love, and two control groups. Blood levels of NGF were significantly higher in those who were in love.

The highest levels were seen in men and women who had just fallen in love, compared to those in longer standing relationships. The researchers also found that the higher the levels of NGF, the greater the intensity of the relationship. Both these findings suggest that NGF may be involved in the very early stages of the love.

"Our data demonstrate for the first time that circulating levels of nerve growth factor are elevated among people in love, suggesting an important role for this molecule in the 'social chemistry' of humans," say the researchers.

Researchers at Rutgers University in the US have also looked at romantic love and brain activity. Their view is that romantic love is one of three primary brain systems that evolved in avian and mammalian species to direct reproduction.

The suggestion is that sex drive evolved to motivate individuals to seek a range of mating partners, while attraction and romantic love evolved to motivate them to prefer and pursue specific partners, and attachment evolved to motivate them to remain together long enough to complete parenting responsibilities.

The researchers, who have also carried out work on people rejected in love, say that the power of love is greater than sex drive alone.

Romantic love is evidently stronger than the sex drive, because when one's sexual overtures are rejected, people do not kill themselves or someone else. Instead, abandoned lovers sometimes stalk, commit suicide or homicide or fall into a clinical depression.

The collection of brain areas that are active in passionate or romantic love appear to be unique to that particular kind of love, with research showing that maternal and unconditional love involve other areas.

A study at the University of Montreal into unconditional love shows that brain regions not implicated in romantic and maternal love, including BA 13 and BA 32, were activated.

"As in the case of romantic love and maternal love, the rewarding nature of unconditional love facilitates the creation of strong emotional links between humans. Such robust emotional bonds may critically contribute to the preservation of the human species," say the researchers.

Dr Ortigue and her colleagues believe that there are 12 areas of the brain involved in passionate love – the caudate nucleus/putamen, thalamus, ventral tegmental area, insula, anterior cingulate, posterior hippocampus, occipital, occipito-temporal/fusiform region, angular gyrus/temporo-parietal junction, dorsolateral middle frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, and the precentral gyrus.

But what happens first, what is the trigger for that torrent of cerebral activity? A new study to be published shortly by Dr Ortigue offers some clues. The researchers used a high-density electroencephalogram or EEG to measure the volume of electrical activity among brain cells.

The results reveal that when people were shown names of loved ones, electrical activity was swift. Activity spiked very quickly at a pre-conscious level, or within 200 milliseonds, in one of those 12 separate areas of the brain, the angular gyrus.

This area is involved in the processing of visual images, sounds, language comprehension, metaphors, and bodily self-representation. People with brain damage to this area suffer a number of classic symptoms, including depression, poor memory, frustration, poor relationships, belligerence, difficulty with metaphors, and disorders of bodily self representation.

These tentative results suggest that that the brain responds to the stimulus of the soon-to-adored one in less time that it takes to blink. Romantics, who have long propagated the idea of love at first sight, may have been right after all.

[original author unknown]

What exactly is Hypnosis?

The state of hypnosis is a condition that involves increased responsiveness and suggestibility, and in which the inner world of the imagination and feelings is granted a degree of importance usually given only to outward ‘ordinary’ reality.

It’s easier to describe than define. Under hypnosis, no stress hormones are released, the breathing and heart rate slow down and blood pressure drops. The stomach produces less acid and the bronchi dilate within the lungs. It also seems that hypnosis may boost the immune system, because within the blood vessels of a hypnotised subject the production of lymphocytes (white blood cells) is increased, and these defensive cells cling more firmly to the insides of the veins qnd arteries. These discoveries would seem to support the belief that hypnotharpy can help alleviate all manner of physical complaints, from asthma to cancer.

Scientists at Stanford University in California, have also discovered that during hypnosis the brain emits alpha waves—tiny rhythmic electrical impulses generated by brain cells.  Alpha waves denote a condition of mental alertness coupled with physical relaxation; they are also produced instates of meditation and when practising yoga. 

Freud taught that the unconscious is the repository of memories and impulses that are repressed by personal consciousness. [I think Freud had some serious mother issues]

Imagination if perhaps the most powerful function humans possess. Imagination and creativity have been the sole domain of humans for centuries. New studies, using non-human criteria, which is very hard to do, being humans and all, have shown creative problem solving abilities in dolphins and a few species of monkeys/apes.  Human imagination, creativity, fantasies, inspiration and intuition all bubble forth from the unconscious mind. The ability to put two unrelated things together to make something totally new is what makes us who we are.  Adding friction to a hunk of wood made fire for the caveman. Compressing highly flammable fuel and adding fire makes an explosion. 

Putting an explosion in a sturdy cylinder makes a cannon. Shrinking the cylinder, adding a little projectile makes a rifle. Putting cylinders around an axle makes an engine. Putting an engine on a kite makes an aeroplane. Putting the combustion chamber inside the projectile makes a rocket.  We do this all the time. We do this with everything. There are a zillion cookbooks in print. Each recipe has come from someone who said, “I’ll just add a bit of this and a bit of that, and see if it tastes good.” Sure cave men ate bird eggs, but somewhere down the line we found that whipped eggwhites, sans yolks, can be baked into Pavlova.

Humour is, for the most part, a story with a funny ending. The whole purpose of having an intellect that enables us to recognise the vignette, is so that we can learn from past experiences and predict future outcomes with the same recipe of experiences. Our minds race ahead to the anticipated ending, and the joke-teller makes a right turn and the last minute, a surprise ending. 

When in a relaxed state, we can imagine feelings and experiences. We actually feel the emotions that are attached to the experiences. And we can change the emotions attached to an experience. “What if I change my frustration towards my mother-in-law to pity? Then I’ll feel much better about her upcoming visit.”

 original author unknown

 For more information, go to: Grassel Hypnotherapy

Where most diets fail

Where most diets fail: 1)  They’re not specific; everybody’s body is different. What works for one celebrity movie star of model, won’t work on everybody, or maybe not even any average person.

Learn your metabolism type to guide you in selecting foods for an ideal fat burning environment in your body.

Find the right sized portions for your body. Tiny, bird-sized portions are just as bad as gorging yourself.

Where most diets fail: 2)   They make you eat foods you don’t like: mung beans or cooked spinach or wheatgrass goat’s milk shakes.  You must eat food you enjoy or it won’t work. Willpower isn’t a muscle we like to use.

MKG: Chinese definition of insanity is “doing the same thing over and over again, expecting a different result .”

The Mindset of Optimism

Learned optimism more useful than truth

From an Omni interview with Martin Seligman, monitored for the Institute by Roger Knights.

'High scores for optimism are predictive of excellence in everything from sports to life-insurance sales'

Martin Seligman, researcher and director of clinical training at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, and author of 'Learned Optimism', has developed an Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ) which ranks individuals on an optimism-pessimism scale. In a longitudinal study of school children, those scoring highest for pessimism were most likely later to suffer depression. High scores for optimism are predictive of excellence in everything from sports to life-insurance sales (a finding that saved Metropolitan Life millions of dollars in personnel selection).

'Analysing campaign speeches for the prevalence of optimism, Seligman predicted the election winners'

Optimism wins votes as well. Analysing campaign speeches for the prevalence of optimism, Seligman predicted the winners of the 1988 presidential and Senate elections more accurately than veteran political forecasters.
'I used to be an agent of both truth and happiness,' says Seligman. 'That's still a central premise of most therapists. But research in our lab and others is increasingly challenging that view. Even when offered a monetary incentive for accuracy, optimists consistently overestimate their ability. Optimists have a set of self-serving illusions that enable them to maintain good cheer and health in a universe essentially indifferent to their welfare.

'Optimists are more resistant to infectious illness and are better at fending off chronic diseases of middle age'

Optimists are more resistant to infectious illness and are better at fending off chronic diseases of middle age. In one study, we looked at 96 men who had their first heart attack in 1980. Within eight years, 15 of the 16 most pessimistic men died of a second heart attack, but only five of the 16 most optimistic men died.
Good therapy for depression may entail bolstering a set of benign illusions. Depressed people may need to adopt the same self-serving illusions that most normal people hold. We can choose how we think. Styles of thinking can become habits. We can control our thoughts as we can our muscles.

'My goal would be to get that person to speak to him- or herself more kindly, the way a loving friend might'

Specifically, if something goes wrong, pessimists tend to have hopeless thoughts. They tell themselves, 'I'll never get it right,' or 'I always screw up,' or worse, they stamp themselves with a negative label - 'I'm a jerk.' My goal would be to get that person to speak to him- or herself more kindly, the way a loving friend might. The person might learn to say, 'Things didn't go well today, but I learned a lot from the experience, and I'll do better tomorrow.' Instead of negative labels like 'jerk', the pessimist would learn to say, 'Sometimes I'm not as considerate as I'd like to be, but overall, I'm a kind person.'

'My recommendation is to do something pleasurable that will distract you from your troubles'

My other advice for overcoming pessimism is not to ruminate about bad events that happen to you, at least not immediately afterwards. If your boss fires you or you fail an important exam, my recommendation is to do something pleasurable that will distract you from your troubles. I recommend fun distractions because studies show, if you think about problems in a negative frame of mind, you come up with fewer solutions. And you're likely to spiral into deeper depression. By boosting mood and self-esteem, people with pessimistic tendencies can break that cycle and free themselves to think more creatively.It takes most people a few weeks to get the knack, but once the technique is learned, the less likely they are to relapse. That's well documented.

A 'pathologically optimistic' genius

'Mozart was almost pathologically optimistic'

A psychological analysis of Mozart's correspondence shows that he was almost pathologically optimistic, with an exuberant self-confidence. Optimistic people who suffer setbacks tend to attribute them to external causes that are temporary and can be changed. Writing in The Psychologist, Professor Andrew Steptoe of St George's Hospital Medical School says that towards the end of Mozart's short life, when he suffered the deaths of four children, serious illnesses and repeated professional and financial disasters, his optimism actually rose.
This last paragraph is based on an item by Jeremy Laurance in The Times.

Diet Hints From Experts, Not Movie Stars

Sugar is your # 1 enemy

Eat breads made from rice, spelt, and sprouted grains.---not white, wheat, or whole meal bread/pasta/biscuits

Eat millet & quinoa grains

Eat sweet potatoes with a little butter & cinnamon

Eat fruits & veggies: mix and match: try fruits in your salads, try veggies in a blender puréed fruit drink

Fats ain’t fats. Some fats don’t make you fat. The right kinds of fats make you burn off existing fat from your body.  The right kinds of fats increase your metabolism.

Eat the right kind of fats and you’ll burn fat. Eat the wrong kind of fats and you’ll store fat.

Avoid: Hydrogenated oils, canola and vegetable oils, margarine, substitute fake butter products

Eat these fats: Real butter, eggs, coconut oil, olive oil, avocados, nuts [it’s a misconception that saturated fats are bad for your health. These have no sugars, so they work well with your metabolism, to burn off unwanted, stored fat.

Processed foods are enemy #2

Most processed foods contain a lot of sugar. Most processed foods contain lots of chemicals to make it more tasty, salty, sweet, appealing to our taste buds.  Artificial sweeteners, high fructose corn syrup, hydrogenated oils and processed soy products,

Processed foods contain artificial colouring [inks/dyes] to make the food look more appealing.  Real beef is not bright red. Ask farmer who has butchered his own lifestock.

Processed foods contain ‘anti-caking agents’ to keep things like flour from getting lumpy. Would you put ground up chalk in your porridge just to keep it from getting lumpy? I like lumpy foods.

Manufacturers add preservative chemicals to make it last longer, like embalming fluids… would you buy a head of lettuce/ or a cucumber if it was brown and mushy? NO! 

Read the ingredients label: is there anything you can’t pronounce? Don’t eat it if you can’t pronounce it. If you don’t know what it is, your body won’t know what to do with it either.

Your liver: breaks down fats and filtering our harmful substances.  When your liver is filtering out all the artificial chemicals that your body doesn’t need, can’t use, then your liver is too busy to efficiently break down fats. If you had two big jobs to do each day and spent all your time and energy working on one, what would happen to the other job? It would just pile up.

Simplest hint: only buy, only eat foods that contain only one ingredient.

It’s not the number of calories that matters; it’s the quality fo food you are eating and the metabolic enhancing effect on your body.

Just eliminate[stop ingesting] the bad stuff that your doesn’t need, can’t use and can’t process.

Don’t worry about the calories. Worry about the sugar. Worry about the artificial additives.

If you eat, well, actually WHEN you eat the right foods, you can eat a lot.  Did you ever hear anybody say about a thin person: “He eats like a horse and never gets fat.” Or “That kid must have hollow legs.”

Calorie restriction may lead your body into ‘starvation mode’ where your body thinks you’re having a really big dry spell, so it saves up every bit of fat for emergencies…

For more info on how to lose weight, slim down and tone up: see Grassel Hypnotherapy

Hypnosis and trance

Often clients will ask me about trance. What is it? How will I feel? Will I lose control? They often have the idea that trance is like frenzied voodoo dervishes or zombie-like sleepwalking with arms stretched out in front, from the old Abbott & Costello movies.

Trance is a naturally occurring state of mind that we slip in and out of all the time. Our attention is always somewhere between the outside world with minimal awareness of ourselves, or being focused on our internal world. When we are driving in a car, or more obvious, when we’re at a stoplight, singing with the stereo, talking to ourselves either silently or out loud, we’re in an internal focus. After an argument or important meeting, when we replay the conversations and think of all the things we would’ve, could’ve, should’ve said, we’re in a light trance. When we’re in church or a lecture room and the speaker’s voice drones away until we’re spaced out, off on a daydream of what we plan to do later, or the solution to a totally unrelated problem pops into our mind, we’re in a trance. When we’re riveted to the screen, watching an engrossing movie, gasping at the action, crying at emotional parts, laughing at the comedy, we’re in a trance.

When we’re so focused on a computer game that we don’t hear the phone ring, don’t hear our name being called out, don’t hear the doorbell, we’re entranced.

Watch commuters on a bus, train or plane. The ones with glassy-eyed expressions have retreated to their internal focus. Watch how they wake up with a start when they arrive at their destination.

When we meditate, when we stretch out in the hammock, when we listen to our favorite music, we’re in a trance.

Daydreaming, often in the alpha state of  brainwave frequency, is a form of trance, where your attention is resting with your unconscious mind. This is where we often have the “aha!” moments. Many great discoveries, scientific breakthroughs and inventions flashed into the minds of people after they stopped pushing themselves so hard to calculate and solve the problems. Our unconscious mind isn’t critical or bound by structural rules.  Our unconscious mind can piece two or more seemingly unrelated concepts to create a new idea. The seemingly unrelated puzzle pieces were actually related on a different level than we had “tagged” them when we “filed” them away in our memory banks.

[I once drifted off into daydream land in church, at about age eight. It was hot and the priest was droning like a swarm of lazy bees. An idea popped into my head relating to the concept of perpetual motion machines that we had studied in a science class weeks before. My idea for a perpetual motion engine was based upon the power of two series of magnets, offsetting each other to keep an axle spinning indefinitely.   I quickly drew a pen from my pocket and sketched the machine on the nearest piece of paper. I got busted for writing on the hymnal, and for daydreaming during the sermon… (There was a flaw in the machine, as all the magnets had to be equal to create a constant spin, but the magnetic force was balanced and therefore stagnant. but it sure looked good on paper)]

Ask someone to remember the best Christmas of their life, and they’ll lose eye contact with you as describe with great reverie, the sights, sounds, smells and emotions.  Some people have been known to salivate while describing a feast. That’s really being entranced.

In hypnotherapy, we guide the client into a relaxed state of trance, just like a daydream, where their unconscious mind is active an able to find, link, create and solve.


 for more information
grasselhypnotherapy.com.au 
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